1 00:00:42,610 --> 00:00:01,130 [Music] 2 00:00:51,970 --> 00:00:44,520 thank you 3 00:00:51,980 --> 00:01:06,469 [Music] 4 00:01:06,479 --> 00:01:09,940 foreign 5 00:01:52,730 --> 00:01:36,550 [Music] 6 00:02:30,340 --> 00:01:52,740 foreign 7 00:03:09,290 --> 00:02:35,270 [Music] 8 00:03:09,300 --> 00:03:17,080 foreign 9 00:03:39,410 --> 00:03:28,360 [Music] 10 00:03:39,420 --> 00:03:45,120 foreign 11 00:04:44,020 --> 00:03:52,030 [Music] 12 00:05:16,170 --> 00:04:44,030 foreign 13 00:05:16,180 --> 00:05:28,430 [Music] 14 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:32,350 foreign 15 00:05:32,360 --> 00:05:57,050 [Music] 16 00:05:57,060 --> 00:06:12,640 foreign 17 00:06:44,650 --> 00:06:22,370 [Music] 18 00:06:44,660 --> 00:06:48,490 thank you 19 00:07:06,230 --> 00:06:56,690 [Music] 20 00:07:16,430 --> 00:07:07,980 foreign 21 00:07:40,189 --> 00:07:24,700 [Music] 22 00:07:40,199 --> 00:07:43,940 foreign 23 00:08:30,290 --> 00:07:55,460 [Music] 24 00:08:35,389 --> 00:08:32,509 welcome to NASA's jet propulsion 25 00:08:37,610 --> 00:08:35,399 laboratory in Southern California today 26 00:08:39,829 --> 00:08:37,620 we are celebrating the one year 27 00:08:42,769 --> 00:08:39,839 anniversary of the perseverance Rover 28 00:08:45,230 --> 00:08:42,779 safely landing on the surface of Mars 29 00:08:48,110 --> 00:08:45,240 now we are in an area of the lab called 30 00:08:50,990 --> 00:08:48,120 the Mars yard which is a simulated 31 00:08:53,750 --> 00:08:51,000 Martian environment where tests are done 32 00:08:56,949 --> 00:08:53,760 and we have a couple special guests 33 00:09:00,829 --> 00:08:56,959 joining us today we have swathi mohand 34 00:09:03,530 --> 00:09:00,839 and Rachel croniak who are part of the 35 00:09:05,810 --> 00:09:03,540 perseverance Mission now swathi you 36 00:09:09,170 --> 00:09:05,820 might remember her as the commentator 37 00:09:10,670 --> 00:09:09,180 who announced that the Rover safely 38 00:09:12,949 --> 00:09:10,680 touched down on the surface of Mars 39 00:09:14,990 --> 00:09:12,959 while being admission control and Rachel 40 00:09:17,329 --> 00:09:15,000 is currently working on the science 41 00:09:19,250 --> 00:09:17,339 operation side of things now they will 42 00:09:21,530 --> 00:09:19,260 be answering any questions you might 43 00:09:25,550 --> 00:09:21,540 have if you would like to ask a question 44 00:09:27,710 --> 00:09:25,560 use the ask NASA hashtag or leave your 45 00:09:29,690 --> 00:09:27,720 comments in the chat that box now to get 46 00:09:33,410 --> 00:09:29,700 started I have a couple questions for 47 00:09:37,490 --> 00:09:33,420 you swathi oh can you believe it's been 48 00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:37,500 a year I can't it's gone by so fast I 49 00:09:42,910 --> 00:09:38,640 can't believe it's been a year already 50 00:09:45,769 --> 00:09:42,920 since Landing day and around this time 51 00:09:48,590 --> 00:09:45,779 last year you were in Mission Control 52 00:09:50,829 --> 00:09:48,600 what was that like yeah leading up to 53 00:09:53,389 --> 00:09:50,839 The Landing that week before we were all 54 00:09:56,269 --> 00:09:53,399 super stressed and worried making sure 55 00:09:58,130 --> 00:09:56,279 everything was going right there's so 56 00:10:01,550 --> 00:09:58,140 many different pieces to Landing that 57 00:10:04,009 --> 00:10:01,560 have to go perfectly in order to reach 58 00:10:05,930 --> 00:10:04,019 the ground safely you know we had our 59 00:10:08,990 --> 00:10:05,940 share of hard stopping moments during 60 00:10:11,329 --> 00:10:09,000 the entry to tent Landing but to be able 61 00:10:13,850 --> 00:10:11,339 to confirm that we were on the surface 62 00:10:17,030 --> 00:10:13,860 safely to get that first image back from 63 00:10:18,610 --> 00:10:17,040 Mars was just an incredible relief and 64 00:10:21,170 --> 00:10:18,620 an amazing feeling for the whole team 65 00:10:23,750 --> 00:10:21,180 and you were on the engineering side of 66 00:10:26,269 --> 00:10:23,760 things now Rachel as part of the science 67 00:10:28,490 --> 00:10:26,279 operations team what are you and the 68 00:10:29,930 --> 00:10:28,500 mission up to now yeah so like Raquel 69 00:10:32,690 --> 00:10:29,940 mentioned I'm on the science operations 70 00:10:34,190 --> 00:10:32,700 team so I get to help bill the plans of 71 00:10:36,769 --> 00:10:34,200 activities that we send up to the Rover 72 00:10:38,389 --> 00:10:36,779 every single day and a year ago we 73 00:10:40,310 --> 00:10:38,399 landed in a place called Jezreel crater 74 00:10:42,230 --> 00:10:40,320 which is home to an ancient river Delta 75 00:10:44,030 --> 00:10:42,240 which we think is a really good place to 76 00:10:45,889 --> 00:10:44,040 look for signs of ancient Life on Mars 77 00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:45,899 now we ended up Landing a couple of 78 00:10:49,850 --> 00:10:48,240 kilometers to the east of the Delta and 79 00:10:51,470 --> 00:10:49,860 so for the past year we've been spending 80 00:10:53,750 --> 00:10:51,480 our time exploring the rocks that make 81 00:10:55,190 --> 00:10:53,760 up the crater floor and once we wrap up 82 00:10:56,630 --> 00:10:55,200 our crater floor activities we're going 83 00:10:58,190 --> 00:10:56,640 to be making a beeline to the Delta 84 00:11:00,650 --> 00:10:58,200 which is going to be the next location 85 00:11:02,210 --> 00:11:00,660 for our next science campaign and as you 86 00:11:05,569 --> 00:11:02,220 can hear it's kind of busy here in the 87 00:11:07,910 --> 00:11:05,579 Mars yard today can you explain why this 88 00:11:09,889 --> 00:11:07,920 area is important for Rover operations 89 00:11:11,870 --> 00:11:09,899 yeah so the Mars yard is a really 90 00:11:14,090 --> 00:11:11,880 special place for us to test and 91 00:11:16,009 --> 00:11:14,100 practice all sorts of things with our 92 00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:16,019 earth-based version of perseverance 93 00:11:20,090 --> 00:11:18,120 named optimism before we do them for 94 00:11:22,430 --> 00:11:20,100 real on Mars and if there's anything 95 00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:22,440 that we know for certain about Mars is 96 00:11:26,569 --> 00:11:24,360 that Mars is oftentimes unpredictable 97 00:11:28,670 --> 00:11:26,579 and so the Mars art is a really special 98 00:11:30,470 --> 00:11:28,680 asset for us to be able to troubleshoot 99 00:11:33,949 --> 00:11:30,480 when we encounter unexpected things on 100 00:11:36,170 --> 00:11:33,959 Mars and what is your favorite memory of 101 00:11:37,490 --> 00:11:36,180 the perseverance Mission so far gosh 102 00:11:39,829 --> 00:11:37,500 it's so hard to pick just one because 103 00:11:41,509 --> 00:11:39,839 it's been a really exciting year a 104 00:11:43,370 --> 00:11:41,519 memory that sticks out for me was a 105 00:11:44,810 --> 00:11:43,380 couple of months after landing when we 106 00:11:46,970 --> 00:11:44,820 were getting ready to send up our first 107 00:11:49,370 --> 00:11:46,980 activity plan telling perseverance to 108 00:11:50,569 --> 00:11:49,380 collect our first rock sample so this 109 00:11:52,550 --> 00:11:50,579 was something that we were working on 110 00:11:54,889 --> 00:11:52,560 for weeks and months leading up to that 111 00:11:56,690 --> 00:11:54,899 day so when the day was finally here it 112 00:11:58,550 --> 00:11:56,700 was super exciting it was also very 113 00:12:00,050 --> 00:11:58,560 nerve-wracking and like Swati said about 114 00:12:02,629 --> 00:12:00,060 Landing it was a huge relief once we 115 00:12:05,150 --> 00:12:02,639 were able to do it sure what about you 116 00:12:07,790 --> 00:12:05,160 swathi I Echo Rachel and that it's 117 00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:07,800 really hard to pick just one but I would 118 00:12:12,769 --> 00:12:09,600 have to say it's pretty hard to beat 119 00:12:14,870 --> 00:12:12,779 Landing day it was the culmination of 120 00:12:17,810 --> 00:12:14,880 all of the work that we had done for so 121 00:12:19,790 --> 00:12:17,820 many years you know the the hard nights 122 00:12:21,170 --> 00:12:19,800 and the long nights and the the testing 123 00:12:23,210 --> 00:12:21,180 and the good things and the bad things 124 00:12:24,769 --> 00:12:23,220 kind of coming together with all the 125 00:12:27,110 --> 00:12:24,779 memories associated with that for that 126 00:12:29,449 --> 00:12:27,120 successful day that kind of encapsulates 127 00:12:32,210 --> 00:12:29,459 the the whole mission for me and after 128 00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:32,220 that what did you do next so Rachel 129 00:12:36,230 --> 00:12:34,320 mentioned the first sample acquisition 130 00:12:38,569 --> 00:12:36,240 on Mars that's really important actually 131 00:12:40,850 --> 00:12:38,579 because perseverance was the first leg 132 00:12:43,970 --> 00:12:40,860 of Mars sample return so the fact that 133 00:12:46,670 --> 00:12:43,980 we confirmed that we got one sample 134 00:12:48,949 --> 00:12:46,680 successfully kind of kicked off a 135 00:12:51,530 --> 00:12:48,959 multi-agency effort to bring those 136 00:12:54,889 --> 00:12:51,540 samples back to Earth I'm working on one 137 00:12:57,050 --> 00:12:54,899 part of that Campaign which is a Lander 138 00:12:59,509 --> 00:12:57,060 that will go to Mars with a rocket on it 139 00:13:02,269 --> 00:12:59,519 that is intended to get the samples off 140 00:13:05,509 --> 00:13:02,279 the surface of Mars into space 141 00:13:08,629 --> 00:13:05,519 now after you wrapped up the mission is 142 00:13:10,069 --> 00:13:08,639 that typical for an employee of JPL to 143 00:13:12,230 --> 00:13:10,079 start on a new mission 144 00:13:14,810 --> 00:13:12,240 it is actually when we wrap up one 145 00:13:16,970 --> 00:13:14,820 Mission we often go to the next one that 146 00:13:18,769 --> 00:13:16,980 needs to help so the Mars 2020 147 00:13:21,769 --> 00:13:18,779 perseverance team actually went to 148 00:13:24,889 --> 00:13:21,779 multiple different missions 149 00:13:27,470 --> 00:13:24,899 they went to psyche which is next up in 150 00:13:29,389 --> 00:13:27,480 launch this year to Europa Clipper which 151 00:13:31,190 --> 00:13:29,399 is next about a few years from now and 152 00:13:33,050 --> 00:13:31,200 then also to the sample retrieval Lander 153 00:13:34,910 --> 00:13:33,060 which has a little bit longer one way 154 00:13:38,030 --> 00:13:34,920 until it launches 155 00:13:40,430 --> 00:13:38,040 uh as you can tell it's really really 156 00:13:42,650 --> 00:13:40,440 noisy here today but we're gonna see 157 00:13:43,910 --> 00:13:42,660 some familiar faces as Swati mentioned 158 00:13:45,650 --> 00:13:43,920 and we're going to get to some viewer 159 00:13:48,650 --> 00:13:45,660 questions now so if you have a question 160 00:13:50,810 --> 00:13:48,660 you'd like to ask please use the ask 161 00:13:54,350 --> 00:13:50,820 NASA hashtag or leave your comments in 162 00:13:57,410 --> 00:13:54,360 the chat box so first up prevents on 163 00:14:00,050 --> 00:13:57,420 Instagram asks how long did it take to 164 00:14:02,870 --> 00:14:00,060 complete the Rovers construction saki do 165 00:14:04,850 --> 00:14:02,880 you want to take that one sure so Mars 166 00:14:09,230 --> 00:14:04,860 2020 as a project started very soon 167 00:14:11,750 --> 00:14:09,240 after curiosity landed around 2011 2012. 168 00:14:13,250 --> 00:14:11,760 that's when the design work started for 169 00:14:15,650 --> 00:14:13,260 the mission in general the Rover 170 00:14:17,269 --> 00:14:15,660 construction for the actual Hardware 171 00:14:19,009 --> 00:14:17,279 that would be sent to Mars started a 172 00:14:21,710 --> 00:14:19,019 little bit later than that around the 173 00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:21,720 2018 time frame to get ready for a 174 00:14:27,769 --> 00:14:24,240 launch in 2020. and I have another 175 00:14:30,050 --> 00:14:27,779 question for you Siobhan msh 24x on 176 00:14:32,030 --> 00:14:30,060 Instagram asks what did you guys learn 177 00:14:34,850 --> 00:14:32,040 from Curiosity and how did it affect 178 00:14:37,550 --> 00:14:34,860 perseverance's design 179 00:14:38,990 --> 00:14:37,560 we actually really appreciated the fact 180 00:14:42,410 --> 00:14:39,000 that we could 181 00:14:44,030 --> 00:14:42,420 analyze curiosity's designs both in All 182 00:14:46,250 --> 00:14:44,040 Phases of mission the crews the entry 183 00:14:48,710 --> 00:14:46,260 descent and landing and the surface and 184 00:14:51,050 --> 00:14:48,720 to make the changes to improve on it for 185 00:14:53,389 --> 00:14:51,060 the parts that we could now we had to be 186 00:14:56,329 --> 00:14:53,399 very targeted about what those changes 187 00:14:58,310 --> 00:14:56,339 were so we sought to improve in key 188 00:15:01,189 --> 00:14:58,320 targeted areas and then we added to 189 00:15:04,970 --> 00:15:01,199 curiosity design to allow perseverance 190 00:15:08,750 --> 00:15:04,980 to enable its Mission by adding the new 191 00:15:11,889 --> 00:15:08,760 sample capture system adding better 192 00:15:15,050 --> 00:15:11,899 Wheels in order to allow perseverance to 193 00:15:16,610 --> 00:15:15,060 drive farther and faster adding the 194 00:15:19,009 --> 00:15:16,620 whole terrain narrative navigation 195 00:15:21,170 --> 00:15:19,019 system to allow perseverance to land 196 00:15:23,210 --> 00:15:21,180 more accurately than curiosity could if 197 00:15:25,009 --> 00:15:23,220 you kind of see some of that in this 198 00:15:26,870 --> 00:15:25,019 optimism Rover behind you because it's a 199 00:15:29,650 --> 00:15:26,880 twin correct this is the twin of 200 00:15:32,810 --> 00:15:29,660 perseverance correct great now Rachel 201 00:15:34,790 --> 00:15:32,820 Astro John Jocelyn on Instagram asks 202 00:15:36,889 --> 00:15:34,800 what is the most interesting Discovery 203 00:15:38,569 --> 00:15:36,899 the Rover has made so far yeah that's a 204 00:15:40,370 --> 00:15:38,579 great question and so like I said we 205 00:15:42,530 --> 00:15:40,380 came to our Landing site Jezreel crater 206 00:15:44,569 --> 00:15:42,540 to look at the ancient Delta system that 207 00:15:46,310 --> 00:15:44,579 we have preserved there now we've spent 208 00:15:48,470 --> 00:15:46,320 most of our time so far exploring the 209 00:15:49,850 --> 00:15:48,480 crater floor and leading up to Landing 210 00:15:51,769 --> 00:15:49,860 we weren't really sure what we were 211 00:15:54,230 --> 00:15:51,779 going to see once we landed on the in 212 00:15:55,550 --> 00:15:54,240 the crater and explore the geology and 213 00:15:57,230 --> 00:15:55,560 the rocks that make up the crater floor 214 00:15:58,850 --> 00:15:57,240 it was actually kind of interesting 215 00:16:01,490 --> 00:15:58,860 because our science team was sort of 216 00:16:03,290 --> 00:16:01,500 split 50 50 in groups that thought we 217 00:16:05,449 --> 00:16:03,300 would see sedimentary rocks on the 218 00:16:07,430 --> 00:16:05,459 crater floor so things like Lake 219 00:16:09,170 --> 00:16:07,440 deposits similar to what Curiosity has 220 00:16:10,430 --> 00:16:09,180 been seeing in Gale crater whereas the 221 00:16:12,889 --> 00:16:10,440 other half of the team kind of thought 222 00:16:14,329 --> 00:16:12,899 we might be seeing igneous rocks in the 223 00:16:16,490 --> 00:16:14,339 surface exposures on the crater floor 224 00:16:17,689 --> 00:16:16,500 after a couple of months of exploration 225 00:16:19,670 --> 00:16:17,699 and a couple of samples that we've 226 00:16:20,930 --> 00:16:19,680 collected we've actually confirmed that 227 00:16:22,610 --> 00:16:20,940 that almost all of the rocks that we've 228 00:16:24,230 --> 00:16:22,620 been seeing in the crater floor are 229 00:16:26,449 --> 00:16:24,240 indeed igneous in origin so that's been 230 00:16:28,610 --> 00:16:26,459 a surprise to us thanks Rachel now 231 00:16:30,829 --> 00:16:28,620 taking it back to entry descent and 232 00:16:34,069 --> 00:16:30,839 Landing swathi free advice on Twitter 233 00:16:36,650 --> 00:16:34,079 asks did you have any backup plans in 234 00:16:38,689 --> 00:16:36,660 case any failures happened including the 235 00:16:40,910 --> 00:16:38,699 landing 236 00:16:43,910 --> 00:16:40,920 so when we designed entry descent and 237 00:16:45,650 --> 00:16:43,920 Landing it's really hard to test that in 238 00:16:48,470 --> 00:16:45,660 Earth because you can't put it together 239 00:16:50,449 --> 00:16:48,480 all the way so to make sure we have all 240 00:16:53,210 --> 00:16:50,459 our bases covered we do try to build in 241 00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:53,220 as much protections as we can because 242 00:16:58,249 --> 00:16:55,680 the Rover has to do it all on its own 243 00:17:00,230 --> 00:16:58,259 there's no opportunity for us in Mission 244 00:17:02,329 --> 00:17:00,240 Control to be able to to give the Rover 245 00:17:04,850 --> 00:17:02,339 any instruction to change so for example 246 00:17:07,069 --> 00:17:04,860 one of the nice backup features that we 247 00:17:09,650 --> 00:17:07,079 had was that if we had any hiccups with 248 00:17:11,270 --> 00:17:09,660 the main computer that was controlling 249 00:17:14,329 --> 00:17:11,280 during entry descent Landing we did 250 00:17:16,730 --> 00:17:14,339 actually have a mechanism that we had 251 00:17:18,409 --> 00:17:16,740 the backup computer on standby that if 252 00:17:20,510 --> 00:17:18,419 something happened we could swap to the 253 00:17:22,850 --> 00:17:20,520 backup computer and continue entry 254 00:17:25,309 --> 00:17:22,860 descent and Landing successfully 255 00:17:27,770 --> 00:17:25,319 yeah and speaking of all the cool Parts 256 00:17:29,630 --> 00:17:27,780 Rachel Nick on Instagram asks what is 257 00:17:31,850 --> 00:17:29,640 the coolest piece of technology on the 258 00:17:33,289 --> 00:17:31,860 Rover that helps scientists gather info 259 00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:33,299 oh gosh that's another tough one it's 260 00:17:36,650 --> 00:17:35,460 hard to choose just one I think you know 261 00:17:38,210 --> 00:17:36,660 with all of the missions that we've been 262 00:17:39,890 --> 00:17:38,220 sending to Mars it's really important to 263 00:17:41,930 --> 00:17:39,900 be able to interpret the geology of our 264 00:17:43,610 --> 00:17:41,940 Landing site and we do that mostly by 265 00:17:45,350 --> 00:17:43,620 taking pictures of our surroundings so I 266 00:17:46,730 --> 00:17:45,360 would have to say if I had to pick a 267 00:17:48,669 --> 00:17:46,740 piece of technology it would probably be 268 00:17:52,010 --> 00:17:48,679 the cameras that we have on perseverance 269 00:17:53,930 --> 00:17:52,020 perseverance has 23 cameras many of them 270 00:17:56,630 --> 00:17:53,940 are color cameras some of them can even 271 00:17:58,190 --> 00:17:56,640 zoom and so we we can really image all 272 00:17:59,990 --> 00:17:58,200 of our surroundings in really incredible 273 00:18:01,850 --> 00:18:00,000 detail with perseverance 274 00:18:05,510 --> 00:18:01,860 thanks Rachel lots of questions coming 275 00:18:08,090 --> 00:18:05,520 in swathi Juan Camillo on Instagram asks 276 00:18:10,430 --> 00:18:08,100 what programming languages are involved 277 00:18:12,289 --> 00:18:10,440 in the Rover's daily functions 278 00:18:14,450 --> 00:18:12,299 that's a good question actually so the 279 00:18:16,370 --> 00:18:14,460 software on board the Rover is primarily 280 00:18:18,110 --> 00:18:16,380 in C but we use many different languages 281 00:18:20,510 --> 00:18:18,120 here on the ground to do different 282 00:18:22,430 --> 00:18:20,520 functions like analyzing data or running 283 00:18:25,370 --> 00:18:22,440 test scripts so we've used things like 284 00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:25,380 Python and Matlab and see here on the 285 00:18:28,010 --> 00:18:26,400 ground in a variety of different 286 00:18:29,150 --> 00:18:28,020 functions to help the Rover do its 287 00:18:32,750 --> 00:18:29,160 operations 288 00:18:35,090 --> 00:18:32,760 and 24 7 canes on YouTube asks what have 289 00:18:37,010 --> 00:18:35,100 we learned about the weather on Mars and 290 00:18:38,029 --> 00:18:37,020 how would it affect future missions I 291 00:18:40,190 --> 00:18:38,039 don't know which one of you would like 292 00:18:42,350 --> 00:18:40,200 to take that I can take that so we have 293 00:18:43,789 --> 00:18:42,360 a couple of instruments on Mars that are 294 00:18:45,830 --> 00:18:43,799 on perseverance that are helping us 295 00:18:47,750 --> 00:18:45,840 characterize the daily environment we 296 00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:47,760 have an instrument called meta which is 297 00:18:50,990 --> 00:18:49,140 sort of our like our weather station on 298 00:18:52,970 --> 00:18:51,000 Mars and so we're looking at things like 299 00:18:54,590 --> 00:18:52,980 the weather the radiation the dynamic 300 00:18:56,930 --> 00:18:54,600 environment that's changing every day on 301 00:18:58,970 --> 00:18:56,940 Mars and we found that there's quite an 302 00:19:00,730 --> 00:18:58,980 active atmospheric cycle on Mars with 303 00:19:04,070 --> 00:19:00,740 perseverance so far 304 00:19:05,570 --> 00:19:04,080 and Scout on YouTube first off gives you 305 00:19:08,510 --> 00:19:05,580 a shout out thank you for all the 306 00:19:11,210 --> 00:19:08,520 amazing work on the mission now what is 307 00:19:13,370 --> 00:19:11,220 on the horizon for two years in terms of 308 00:19:16,130 --> 00:19:13,380 scientific goals experiments with the 309 00:19:17,630 --> 00:19:16,140 Rover and possibly helicopter yeah so we 310 00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:17,640 have a couple of main mission objectives 311 00:19:20,450 --> 00:19:18,960 that we hope to accomplish with 312 00:19:22,130 --> 00:19:20,460 perseverance the first is to 313 00:19:23,690 --> 00:19:22,140 characterize the geology of our Landing 314 00:19:25,549 --> 00:19:23,700 site which we've been hard at work doing 315 00:19:27,590 --> 00:19:25,559 in the last year looking at the crater 316 00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:27,600 floor looking forward we're going to be 317 00:19:31,669 --> 00:19:29,520 exploring the delta in the next year of 318 00:19:33,409 --> 00:19:31,679 our mission and then beyond 319 00:19:34,610 --> 00:19:33,419 beyond the Delta looking at sort of the 320 00:19:36,830 --> 00:19:34,620 margin of the crater and hopefully 321 00:19:39,169 --> 00:19:36,840 beyond the crater itself in future years 322 00:19:41,330 --> 00:19:39,179 with the mission we also plan to look 323 00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:41,340 for signs of ancient life in the rocks 324 00:19:44,090 --> 00:19:42,720 that we're exploring in Jezreel crater 325 00:19:46,430 --> 00:19:44,100 and so we have a really sophisticated 326 00:19:48,830 --> 00:19:46,440 set of scientific instruments to tell us 327 00:19:50,390 --> 00:19:48,840 about the mineral mineralogy and texture 328 00:19:51,350 --> 00:19:50,400 of the rocks in a really fine scale 329 00:19:53,270 --> 00:19:51,360 detail 330 00:19:54,950 --> 00:19:53,280 and so we're constantly learning more 331 00:19:56,029 --> 00:19:54,960 about the geology around us and we're 332 00:19:57,350 --> 00:19:56,039 going to be exploring a whole bunch of 333 00:19:58,549 --> 00:19:57,360 really exciting places over the next 334 00:20:00,409 --> 00:19:58,559 couple of years 335 00:20:02,390 --> 00:20:00,419 and we have a question from Richard on 336 00:20:03,830 --> 00:20:02,400 YouTube who wants to know does Ingenuity 337 00:20:06,110 --> 00:20:03,840 need to be in the line of sight to 338 00:20:09,409 --> 00:20:06,120 communicate with the Rover like how far 339 00:20:11,810 --> 00:20:09,419 away could it be to stay in contact 340 00:20:13,850 --> 00:20:11,820 I can take a stab at that one yeah so we 341 00:20:15,649 --> 00:20:13,860 can also do also get back to them too I 342 00:20:18,710 --> 00:20:15,659 can well I can speak a little bit to the 343 00:20:21,289 --> 00:20:18,720 to the the helicopter so uh our sidekick 344 00:20:23,750 --> 00:20:21,299 helicopter Ingenuity was meant mostly to 345 00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:23,760 be a technology demonstration for uh to 346 00:20:26,930 --> 00:20:25,320 be able to demonstrate that we can 347 00:20:30,350 --> 00:20:26,940 achieve powered flight on another planet 348 00:20:32,390 --> 00:20:30,360 and in uh sort of standard NASA fashion 349 00:20:35,090 --> 00:20:32,400 we really exceeded our expectations with 350 00:20:37,130 --> 00:20:35,100 Ingenuity and transitioned more into an 351 00:20:39,230 --> 00:20:37,140 operations demonstration with the 352 00:20:41,149 --> 00:20:39,240 helicopter and so Ingenuity has been 353 00:20:42,529 --> 00:20:41,159 really helpful in sort of scouting the 354 00:20:44,090 --> 00:20:42,539 places that we want to visit and places 355 00:20:46,010 --> 00:20:44,100 that we actually can't visit because of 356 00:20:48,289 --> 00:20:46,020 the terrain with perseverance and so 357 00:20:50,149 --> 00:20:48,299 we've been using we've been using 358 00:20:51,649 --> 00:20:50,159 Ingenuity so far in the last year beyond 359 00:20:53,330 --> 00:20:51,659 our technology demonstration to help us 360 00:20:56,450 --> 00:20:53,340 plan in operations 361 00:20:58,669 --> 00:20:56,460 and then said 91 EK on Instagram asks 362 00:21:01,190 --> 00:20:58,679 why doesn't the Rover examine the 363 00:21:02,630 --> 00:21:01,200 samples that it collects yeah that's a 364 00:21:05,029 --> 00:21:02,640 good question and it turns out that we 365 00:21:06,590 --> 00:21:05,039 actually do in a way and so when we find 366 00:21:08,690 --> 00:21:06,600 a rock that we're interested in sampling 367 00:21:11,510 --> 00:21:08,700 we drive up to it but before we collect 368 00:21:13,130 --> 00:21:11,520 a rock core sample we actually use one 369 00:21:15,289 --> 00:21:13,140 of our different coring bits called an 370 00:21:17,630 --> 00:21:15,299 abrasion bit and what our abrasion bit 371 00:21:19,730 --> 00:21:17,640 allows us to do is drill the upper 372 00:21:21,289 --> 00:21:19,740 couple millimeters of the surface and 373 00:21:23,810 --> 00:21:21,299 reveal sort of a five centimeter 374 00:21:25,250 --> 00:21:23,820 abrasion patch that lets us use our 375 00:21:26,990 --> 00:21:25,260 scientific instruments that we can put 376 00:21:29,690 --> 00:21:27,000 in very close proximity to that fresh 377 00:21:31,190 --> 00:21:29,700 surface to tell us in really fine detail 378 00:21:32,870 --> 00:21:31,200 what the minerals what minerals are 379 00:21:34,190 --> 00:21:32,880 there elements are there and what the 380 00:21:36,470 --> 00:21:34,200 texture looks like at a really fine 381 00:21:37,970 --> 00:21:36,480 scale and so once we're done with the 382 00:21:39,950 --> 00:21:37,980 abrasion and the analysis of the 383 00:21:41,330 --> 00:21:39,960 abrasion patch we can then choose our 384 00:21:42,950 --> 00:21:41,340 coring Target and we normally pick a 385 00:21:45,289 --> 00:21:42,960 coring Target that's pretty close to the 386 00:21:48,350 --> 00:21:45,299 abrasion patch and of course once we 387 00:21:50,270 --> 00:21:48,360 collect our core sample it gets um 388 00:21:52,789 --> 00:21:50,280 sealed into one of these Ultra Clean 389 00:21:55,010 --> 00:21:52,799 sample tubes this is a full scale model 390 00:21:56,990 --> 00:21:55,020 of what the sample tubes look like and 391 00:21:59,270 --> 00:21:57,000 once we collect the sample into the tube 392 00:22:00,710 --> 00:21:59,280 of course it gets sealed and stored for 393 00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:00,720 later retrieval to Earth hopefully in 394 00:22:04,430 --> 00:22:03,000 the future but once it's in the tube we 395 00:22:06,770 --> 00:22:04,440 can't analyze it like you mentioned in 396 00:22:07,970 --> 00:22:06,780 your question and so by studying our 397 00:22:10,190 --> 00:22:07,980 abrasion patch with our science 398 00:22:12,230 --> 00:22:10,200 instruments we use that data sort of as 399 00:22:13,909 --> 00:22:12,240 a proxy to help us understand what we 400 00:22:15,890 --> 00:22:13,919 could be expecting to find in our core 401 00:22:17,990 --> 00:22:15,900 samples and how many samples have you 402 00:22:20,390 --> 00:22:18,000 collected So Far So Far We've collected 403 00:22:22,370 --> 00:22:20,400 six Rock cores of the CR of the crater 404 00:22:24,470 --> 00:22:22,380 floor in our past year we're hoping to 405 00:22:26,330 --> 00:22:24,480 collect about two more before we wrap up 406 00:22:29,210 --> 00:22:26,340 our activities on the crater floor 407 00:22:32,390 --> 00:22:29,220 now twalo and YouTube ask is the Mars 408 00:22:35,029 --> 00:22:32,400 rover behind us real or is it a copy of 409 00:22:37,730 --> 00:22:35,039 it uh it'll be nice to speak more of a 410 00:22:40,130 --> 00:22:37,740 swathi if you want to kind of touch on 411 00:22:42,049 --> 00:22:40,140 what parts were part of edl and then 412 00:22:44,510 --> 00:22:42,059 maybe entry descendant Landing I should 413 00:22:47,210 --> 00:22:44,520 say and Rachel talk more about the 414 00:22:49,669 --> 00:22:47,220 science uh go ahead sure so optimism is 415 00:22:51,890 --> 00:22:49,679 real it's a fully functioning Rover that 416 00:22:54,470 --> 00:22:51,900 we use here on Earth so it does have a 417 00:22:57,649 --> 00:22:54,480 few modifications from the Rover that is 418 00:22:59,390 --> 00:22:57,659 on Mars primarily to allow it to work 419 00:23:01,010 --> 00:22:59,400 here on the earth so the wheels are a 420 00:23:03,649 --> 00:23:01,020 little bit different in terms of 421 00:23:07,310 --> 00:23:03,659 suspension to handle the Earth gravity 422 00:23:09,289 --> 00:23:07,320 but in terms of the electronics on board 423 00:23:11,870 --> 00:23:09,299 in terms of the cameras and the 424 00:23:14,390 --> 00:23:11,880 processing we try to make it as similar 425 00:23:17,270 --> 00:23:14,400 to perseverance as we can so that when 426 00:23:19,490 --> 00:23:17,280 we are testing our sequences our 427 00:23:21,590 --> 00:23:19,500 planning here on the ground we can have 428 00:23:23,930 --> 00:23:21,600 a really good expectation of how it'll 429 00:23:25,549 --> 00:23:23,940 work once it's on Mars 430 00:23:27,289 --> 00:23:25,559 yeah and then from a science perspective 431 00:23:28,970 --> 00:23:27,299 you can see mock-ups of all the 432 00:23:30,590 --> 00:23:28,980 different instruments that we have on 433 00:23:32,090 --> 00:23:30,600 the Rover on Mars for real so we can see 434 00:23:34,010 --> 00:23:32,100 looking at us here as one of our cameras 435 00:23:36,049 --> 00:23:34,020 on the end of the robotic arm we also 436 00:23:37,370 --> 00:23:36,059 have the remote sensing Mast which at 437 00:23:39,289 --> 00:23:37,380 the moment is pointed away from us but 438 00:23:41,390 --> 00:23:39,299 has a couple of additional cameras on 439 00:23:45,529 --> 00:23:41,400 top of it that serve as sort of our eyes 440 00:23:47,710 --> 00:23:45,539 as we're exploring the terrain around us 441 00:23:50,570 --> 00:23:47,720 great and then 442 00:23:52,310 --> 00:23:50,580 olesky on YouTube asks what was the 443 00:23:55,490 --> 00:23:52,320 biggest challenge during the mission 444 00:23:59,029 --> 00:23:57,409 oh that's a that's an interesting 445 00:24:02,029 --> 00:23:59,039 question there was a lot of challenges 446 00:24:04,370 --> 00:24:02,039 during development but from my 447 00:24:07,029 --> 00:24:04,380 perspective as the guidance navigation 448 00:24:09,649 --> 00:24:07,039 operations lead I would have to say 449 00:24:11,990 --> 00:24:09,659 rethinking how we had to do operations 450 00:24:14,090 --> 00:24:12,000 and our final assembly in the light of 451 00:24:16,549 --> 00:24:14,100 the pandemic was one of the big 452 00:24:18,950 --> 00:24:16,559 challenges you know we've never had to 453 00:24:21,289 --> 00:24:18,960 fly a mission like that and it was 454 00:24:23,570 --> 00:24:21,299 constantly a tug of war between the 455 00:24:25,970 --> 00:24:23,580 Personnel safety here on Earth and the 456 00:24:28,370 --> 00:24:25,980 safety of our Hardware either in space 457 00:24:30,590 --> 00:24:28,380 or in the final assembly so constantly 458 00:24:32,690 --> 00:24:30,600 having to make those trades as to how we 459 00:24:34,970 --> 00:24:32,700 were going to balance and how we would 460 00:24:37,970 --> 00:24:34,980 rethink what it meant to be working 461 00:24:39,649 --> 00:24:37,980 remotely with our spacecraft was a big 462 00:24:40,909 --> 00:24:39,659 Challenge and I'm really impressed at 463 00:24:43,669 --> 00:24:40,919 the team for pulling together and 464 00:24:45,289 --> 00:24:43,679 pulling through for an on-time launch in 465 00:24:47,029 --> 00:24:45,299 spite of the pandemic hitting just a few 466 00:24:48,590 --> 00:24:47,039 months before launch and making it all 467 00:24:50,630 --> 00:24:48,600 the way to Mars for a very successful 468 00:24:53,630 --> 00:24:50,640 landing and the entire time we've spent 469 00:24:56,390 --> 00:24:53,640 since then working as a pandemic's been 470 00:24:58,370 --> 00:24:56,400 ongoing we made the whole thing look 471 00:25:00,649 --> 00:24:58,380 easy congratulations to the team on that 472 00:25:01,789 --> 00:25:00,659 Rachel what about for you yeah since 473 00:25:03,529 --> 00:25:01,799 we've been on the surface we've 474 00:25:05,630 --> 00:25:03,539 encountered our fair share of curveballs 475 00:25:07,549 --> 00:25:05,640 from Mars too I mentioned the first time 476 00:25:09,890 --> 00:25:07,559 that we sent our sampling plan up to the 477 00:25:12,529 --> 00:25:09,900 Rover to collect a sample in one of our 478 00:25:14,450 --> 00:25:12,539 sample tubes uh once that plan executed 479 00:25:16,250 --> 00:25:14,460 on Mars everything worked perfectly from 480 00:25:17,810 --> 00:25:16,260 our Hardware perspective but then when 481 00:25:19,370 --> 00:25:17,820 we started to analyze the data that came 482 00:25:21,289 --> 00:25:19,380 down we actually saw that the tube was 483 00:25:23,510 --> 00:25:21,299 empty and didn't contain a rock sample 484 00:25:25,850 --> 00:25:23,520 as we were anticipating it would and so 485 00:25:27,769 --> 00:25:25,860 we constantly have to adapt as Mars 486 00:25:29,930 --> 00:25:27,779 throws us curveballs and challenges but 487 00:25:31,909 --> 00:25:29,940 everything from the Rover perspective 488 00:25:34,430 --> 00:25:31,919 has been working flawlessly 489 00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:34,440 great and first of all the Tyler 490 00:25:39,169 --> 00:25:36,720 Williamson on YouTube asks actually for 491 00:25:41,690 --> 00:25:39,179 both of you what type of degree do you 492 00:25:44,090 --> 00:25:41,700 need to become a NASA engineer 493 00:25:46,070 --> 00:25:44,100 that's a great question there are so 494 00:25:48,890 --> 00:25:46,080 many different ways to contribute to 495 00:25:51,710 --> 00:25:48,900 NASA you know we generally like to look 496 00:25:52,970 --> 00:25:51,720 for some degrees in science and 497 00:25:55,430 --> 00:25:52,980 technology and it doesn't have to be 498 00:25:56,990 --> 00:25:55,440 just one particular area of of science 499 00:25:59,750 --> 00:25:57,000 or one particular area of engineering 500 00:26:01,430 --> 00:25:59,760 you know find what makes you the most 501 00:26:03,529 --> 00:26:01,440 interested where your passion is and 502 00:26:06,409 --> 00:26:03,539 there's so many different ways to apply 503 00:26:09,590 --> 00:26:06,419 that to NASA programs whether it's you 504 00:26:12,169 --> 00:26:09,600 know geology of mars or chemistry as we 505 00:26:13,850 --> 00:26:12,179 think of planetary protection or you 506 00:26:15,409 --> 00:26:13,860 know even biology as humans go into 507 00:26:17,149 --> 00:26:15,419 space flight or in the traditional like 508 00:26:19,310 --> 00:26:17,159 structures and controls and mechanisms 509 00:26:22,250 --> 00:26:19,320 you know we need all of those different 510 00:26:24,049 --> 00:26:22,260 fields in order to support NASA missions 511 00:26:25,669 --> 00:26:24,059 in addition to all the non-technical 512 00:26:27,950 --> 00:26:25,679 fields like the the writing and the 513 00:26:29,750 --> 00:26:27,960 publicity and things like that it's a 514 00:26:31,310 --> 00:26:29,760 wide range of jobs what about for you 515 00:26:32,630 --> 00:26:31,320 Rachel yeah I couldn't agree more I 516 00:26:34,370 --> 00:26:32,640 think one of my favorite things about 517 00:26:36,409 --> 00:26:34,380 being a part of the perseverance team is 518 00:26:38,510 --> 00:26:36,419 that no two team members have the same 519 00:26:40,130 --> 00:26:38,520 path or the same level of experience or 520 00:26:42,169 --> 00:26:40,140 background and so you really have to 521 00:26:43,909 --> 00:26:42,179 find what interests you and pursue that 522 00:26:46,909 --> 00:26:43,919 and work really hard 523 00:26:48,769 --> 00:26:46,919 and Erica on Twitter asks what do you 524 00:26:51,529 --> 00:26:48,779 hope to accomplish with this Mission 525 00:26:55,549 --> 00:26:53,750 oh yeah so I can I can touch on that 526 00:26:57,350 --> 00:26:55,559 first so we talked a little bit about 527 00:26:58,789 --> 00:26:57,360 sort of the the mission objectives that 528 00:27:01,070 --> 00:26:58,799 we hope to accomplish with perseverance 529 00:27:02,870 --> 00:27:01,080 at the top of the list for for many 530 00:27:04,970 --> 00:27:02,880 reasons and for the the future missions 531 00:27:07,130 --> 00:27:04,980 that swathi talked about is to collect 532 00:27:09,049 --> 00:27:07,140 samples and so we brought over 40 sample 533 00:27:11,269 --> 00:27:09,059 tubes with us to Mars and we hope to 534 00:27:13,010 --> 00:27:11,279 fill most of those with samples of 535 00:27:14,990 --> 00:27:13,020 Martian Rock and soil to eventually 536 00:27:17,330 --> 00:27:15,000 bring back to analyze here on Earth 537 00:27:19,010 --> 00:27:17,340 and so when we when we had the chance to 538 00:27:20,750 --> 00:27:19,020 bring those samples back to Earth we can 539 00:27:22,789 --> 00:27:20,760 actually unleash the whole arsenal of 540 00:27:25,250 --> 00:27:22,799 the scientific Community here on Earth 541 00:27:28,310 --> 00:27:25,260 to look at those samples and to look at 542 00:27:30,710 --> 00:27:28,320 them in the hopes of finding signs of 543 00:27:33,590 --> 00:27:30,720 ancient Life on Mars and if we can 544 00:27:35,570 --> 00:27:33,600 find those signs of Life on Mars even 545 00:27:38,450 --> 00:27:35,580 ancient life that would fundamentally 546 00:27:40,070 --> 00:27:38,460 change how we look at how life evolved 547 00:27:42,529 --> 00:27:40,080 here on Earth and whether there's life 548 00:27:45,649 --> 00:27:42,539 elsewhere in the galaxy 549 00:27:47,570 --> 00:27:45,659 and a letter on YouTube asks I feel like 550 00:27:49,730 --> 00:27:47,580 this is rhetorical how does it feel to 551 00:27:51,590 --> 00:27:49,740 be an awesome lady scientist and 552 00:27:53,690 --> 00:27:51,600 engineer 553 00:27:55,610 --> 00:27:53,700 oh it's fantastic and and just 554 00:27:57,289 --> 00:27:55,620 revisiting what I said earlier it's just 555 00:27:59,450 --> 00:27:57,299 so humbling to be part of such an 556 00:28:01,190 --> 00:27:59,460 amazing team everybody is extremely 557 00:28:03,470 --> 00:28:01,200 supportive we have a very diverse team 558 00:28:05,570 --> 00:28:03,480 and it makes everything that we do even 559 00:28:07,990 --> 00:28:05,580 that more satisfying 560 00:28:11,149 --> 00:28:08,000 I totally second Rachel yes 561 00:28:13,130 --> 00:28:11,159 perfectly said mg Steve on YouTube asks 562 00:28:15,049 --> 00:28:13,140 are you concerned about the samples 563 00:28:16,909 --> 00:28:15,059 being covered by dust on the surface 564 00:28:19,610 --> 00:28:16,919 before a mission recovery can pick them 565 00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:19,620 up that's a really good question and so 566 00:28:23,029 --> 00:28:21,720 the samples will be securely stored in 567 00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:23,039 these sample tubes like we mentioned 568 00:28:26,450 --> 00:28:24,960 earlier and we're still working out the 569 00:28:28,010 --> 00:28:26,460 details of exactly how we're going to be 570 00:28:30,169 --> 00:28:28,020 depositing these samples on the surface 571 00:28:32,690 --> 00:28:30,179 for eventual pickup and return to Earth 572 00:28:34,909 --> 00:28:32,700 we know that Mars has a very active 573 00:28:36,230 --> 00:28:34,919 Dynamic atmosphere and so we see you 574 00:28:37,909 --> 00:28:36,240 know dust storms and things like that 575 00:28:39,950 --> 00:28:37,919 that affect the Rover and other missions 576 00:28:41,750 --> 00:28:39,960 across the planet but we're not really 577 00:28:43,190 --> 00:28:41,760 too concerned about our ability to to 578 00:28:45,409 --> 00:28:43,200 see the samples when we're ready to pick 579 00:28:47,690 --> 00:28:45,419 them up lots of questions of the Rover 580 00:28:50,389 --> 00:28:47,700 coming in Jake Kendall on Instagram asks 581 00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:50,399 how is maintenance conducted 582 00:28:53,930 --> 00:28:52,080 well that's a good one from at least a 583 00:28:55,549 --> 00:28:53,940 science perspective uh you know we have 584 00:28:57,230 --> 00:28:55,559 a whole bunch of science instruments on 585 00:28:58,909 --> 00:28:57,240 the Rover and we're constantly making 586 00:29:00,950 --> 00:28:58,919 sure that our instruments are working 587 00:29:02,750 --> 00:29:00,960 properly we have calibration Targets on 588 00:29:04,130 --> 00:29:02,760 the Rover that we periodically check to 589 00:29:06,110 --> 00:29:04,140 make sure that the data that we're 590 00:29:07,490 --> 00:29:06,120 acquiring is very high quality so we're 591 00:29:09,409 --> 00:29:07,500 kind of periodically as we're going 592 00:29:10,669 --> 00:29:09,419 checking in on our on our instruments 593 00:29:13,010 --> 00:29:10,679 and I'm over to make sure everything is 594 00:29:15,769 --> 00:29:13,020 healthy from the from the engineering 595 00:29:17,750 --> 00:29:15,779 side we also do ongoing maintenance we 596 00:29:19,070 --> 00:29:17,760 make sure to Trend all of the data that 597 00:29:20,750 --> 00:29:19,080 we're getting back from the Rover to 598 00:29:22,930 --> 00:29:20,760 make sure it's performing as we expect 599 00:29:24,830 --> 00:29:22,940 if we have to do any 600 00:29:27,230 --> 00:29:24,840 tuning of the Rover to upgrade 601 00:29:28,669 --> 00:29:27,240 parameters to to properly capture what 602 00:29:30,470 --> 00:29:28,679 the state of the Rover is we have those 603 00:29:33,049 --> 00:29:30,480 built into the plan to do periodic 604 00:29:36,350 --> 00:29:33,059 maintenance of The Rovers as it evolves 605 00:29:38,330 --> 00:29:36,360 on Mars and swara on YouTube wants to 606 00:29:40,970 --> 00:29:38,340 know how was Landing different from 607 00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:40,980 perseverance compared to curiosity or 608 00:29:46,190 --> 00:29:42,960 even the other Rovers 609 00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:46,200 oh can we can hear you're moving up 610 00:29:51,830 --> 00:29:49,260 there so curiosity 611 00:29:53,750 --> 00:29:51,840 there we go yeah go ahead 612 00:29:56,269 --> 00:29:53,760 optimism wants to hear our answer too 613 00:29:59,049 --> 00:29:56,279 actually curiosity and perseverance 614 00:30:01,789 --> 00:29:59,059 Landings were actually very similar 615 00:30:04,210 --> 00:30:01,799 perseverance had a few upgrades compared 616 00:30:07,669 --> 00:30:04,220 to curiosity that allowed it to land 617 00:30:10,490 --> 00:30:07,679 much more accurately than curiosity did 618 00:30:12,049 --> 00:30:10,500 very targeted upgrades one in terms of 619 00:30:15,409 --> 00:30:12,059 how we deployed the parachute and 620 00:30:17,149 --> 00:30:15,419 another in terms of how we picked our 621 00:30:20,090 --> 00:30:17,159 Landing site to make sure we could find 622 00:30:23,750 --> 00:30:20,100 a safe spot in Jezreel crater curiosity 623 00:30:27,230 --> 00:30:23,760 and perseverance compared to Spirit and 624 00:30:29,810 --> 00:30:27,240 opportunity were a little bit different 625 00:30:32,750 --> 00:30:29,820 curiosity and perseverance actually had 626 00:30:35,149 --> 00:30:32,760 a guided entry system with the sky crane 627 00:30:37,610 --> 00:30:35,159 to actually lower the Rover onto the 628 00:30:39,529 --> 00:30:37,620 surface where I spare an opportunity had 629 00:30:42,049 --> 00:30:39,539 a parachute and then it would inflate 630 00:30:44,570 --> 00:30:42,059 these airbags around them uh deploy them 631 00:30:45,889 --> 00:30:44,580 they would kind of Bounce and then the 632 00:30:47,570 --> 00:30:45,899 airbags would deflate and then the 633 00:30:49,970 --> 00:30:47,580 Rovers would open up and it would drive 634 00:30:51,590 --> 00:30:49,980 off from from those systems and this and 635 00:30:54,350 --> 00:30:51,600 this is the first time that we had this 636 00:30:55,970 --> 00:30:54,360 on video correct perseverance was the 637 00:30:58,970 --> 00:30:55,980 very first time that we could actually 638 00:31:00,529 --> 00:30:58,980 we had so many cameras recording during 639 00:31:01,909 --> 00:31:00,539 Landing that we could actually see 640 00:31:03,950 --> 00:31:01,919 things as it happened it was the first 641 00:31:06,169 --> 00:31:03,960 time that we saw the parachute open 642 00:31:08,269 --> 00:31:06,179 which was just an amazing feeling 643 00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:08,279 because that's one of our highest 644 00:31:11,630 --> 00:31:09,600 criticality things the parachute doesn't 645 00:31:15,289 --> 00:31:11,640 open you don't you don't get very far on 646 00:31:17,509 --> 00:31:15,299 Mars it could actually record the Rover 647 00:31:18,830 --> 00:31:17,519 being lowered from The Descent stage and 648 00:31:20,810 --> 00:31:18,840 it that was just incredible video it 649 00:31:23,450 --> 00:31:20,820 looked like uh an alien planet you know 650 00:31:25,190 --> 00:31:23,460 which maybe it sort of was but to be 651 00:31:26,509 --> 00:31:25,200 able to see that gave us so much more 652 00:31:28,370 --> 00:31:26,519 data than just the ones and zeros 653 00:31:30,049 --> 00:31:28,380 because now you can see everything was 654 00:31:31,430 --> 00:31:30,059 happening all the nuances associated 655 00:31:33,289 --> 00:31:31,440 with that associated with the parachute 656 00:31:36,110 --> 00:31:33,299 and the intricate Dynamics associated 657 00:31:37,909 --> 00:31:36,120 with how the bridles work to lower the 658 00:31:39,830 --> 00:31:37,919 Rover which is just immense amount of 659 00:31:41,149 --> 00:31:39,840 data that well I'm sure we'll spend so 660 00:31:44,509 --> 00:31:41,159 much time analyzing them for the future 661 00:31:46,549 --> 00:31:44,519 missions very Incredible video and how 662 00:31:48,590 --> 00:31:46,559 to Jonathan on YouTube wants to know to 663 00:31:51,950 --> 00:31:48,600 what extent is perseverance autonomous 664 00:31:52,789 --> 00:31:51,960 and how much does someone actually drive 665 00:31:54,710 --> 00:31:52,799 it 666 00:31:56,450 --> 00:31:54,720 yeah that's a great question and the way 667 00:31:59,330 --> 00:31:56,460 that we plan Mission operations with 668 00:32:01,009 --> 00:31:59,340 perseverance is that we send one to a 669 00:32:03,769 --> 00:32:01,019 multiple days worth of activities or 670 00:32:05,330 --> 00:32:03,779 solves up to the Rover at a time and so 671 00:32:07,130 --> 00:32:05,340 the Rover needs to have some level of 672 00:32:09,169 --> 00:32:07,140 autonomy to be able to perform those 673 00:32:10,850 --> 00:32:09,179 activities and at the end of the day we 674 00:32:13,190 --> 00:32:10,860 get those data down to plan the next 675 00:32:15,470 --> 00:32:13,200 day's activities we've we have a really 676 00:32:16,610 --> 00:32:15,480 incredible autonomous driving capability 677 00:32:18,590 --> 00:32:16,620 with perseverance that we're still 678 00:32:20,330 --> 00:32:18,600 evolving to this day that's allowing us 679 00:32:22,430 --> 00:32:20,340 to break all sorts of records for 680 00:32:24,769 --> 00:32:22,440 distances driven on Mars in a single 681 00:32:27,110 --> 00:32:24,779 cell so it's been really exciting do you 682 00:32:29,269 --> 00:32:27,120 by chance know like how far it's gone in 683 00:32:30,950 --> 00:32:29,279 a single day oh gosh I think we broke a 684 00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:30,960 record over Super Bowl weekend which was 685 00:32:34,970 --> 00:32:33,120 very appropriate I think we broke both 686 00:32:36,830 --> 00:32:34,980 the autonomous driving record and the 687 00:32:39,710 --> 00:32:36,840 actual wheels turning in a single saw 688 00:32:41,330 --> 00:32:39,720 record that's amazing Champ here now 689 00:32:42,950 --> 00:32:41,340 does Lou on Twitter wants to know does 690 00:32:45,049 --> 00:32:42,960 perseverance have a wake-up song like 691 00:32:46,669 --> 00:32:45,059 the other Rovers we do have a wake up 692 00:32:49,490 --> 00:32:46,679 song and we play that as we're sort of 693 00:32:51,110 --> 00:32:49,500 reviewing the data that come down uh to 694 00:32:52,490 --> 00:32:51,120 start our operations day and it's it's a 695 00:32:54,049 --> 00:32:52,500 different song every day and it kind of 696 00:32:56,090 --> 00:32:54,059 gets us in the mood to to plan our 697 00:32:58,490 --> 00:32:56,100 operations every day it's great and 698 00:33:00,470 --> 00:32:58,500 Tallow on YouTube wants to know will 699 00:33:01,970 --> 00:33:00,480 someone send another Rover to Mars to 700 00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:01,980 pick up the samples or will perseverance 701 00:33:06,289 --> 00:33:03,840 come back sometimes 702 00:33:07,789 --> 00:33:06,299 that's swathy you might know that one 703 00:33:09,649 --> 00:33:07,799 sure so 704 00:33:12,710 --> 00:33:09,659 I guess part of that question is whether 705 00:33:14,389 --> 00:33:12,720 perseverance will come back yeah 706 00:33:16,610 --> 00:33:14,399 yeah separation or if it's perseverance 707 00:33:18,230 --> 00:33:16,620 coming back you know there's still a lot 708 00:33:19,669 --> 00:33:18,240 of things that we need to work out with 709 00:33:21,830 --> 00:33:19,679 the whole campaign of how we're going to 710 00:33:23,570 --> 00:33:21,840 get these samples back there's uh 711 00:33:25,430 --> 00:33:23,580 multiple different pieces and how we 712 00:33:28,009 --> 00:33:25,440 work them together and so right now the 713 00:33:30,169 --> 00:33:28,019 option space is still open in terms of 714 00:33:32,210 --> 00:33:30,179 how we're going to get the samples back 715 00:33:33,649 --> 00:33:32,220 to the Lander with the rocket uh who's 716 00:33:35,750 --> 00:33:33,659 going to go get the samples whether it's 717 00:33:37,789 --> 00:33:35,760 perseverance or another Rover all those 718 00:33:39,049 --> 00:33:37,799 pieces are still being worked out we're 719 00:33:41,149 --> 00:33:39,059 still in the design phase of the 720 00:33:43,970 --> 00:33:41,159 campaign to start deciding this 721 00:33:45,710 --> 00:33:43,980 and then does perseverance communicate 722 00:33:47,389 --> 00:33:45,720 with other Rovers on Mars and how does 723 00:33:49,009 --> 00:33:47,399 it communicate with Earth this is Nikki 724 00:33:51,169 --> 00:33:49,019 on YouTube asking that's a great 725 00:33:52,549 --> 00:33:51,179 question as awesome as it would be to 726 00:33:54,169 --> 00:33:52,559 sort of chat with the other vehicles 727 00:33:56,450 --> 00:33:54,179 that we have on Mars they're all really 728 00:33:58,430 --> 00:33:56,460 far away from perseverance so we uh 729 00:34:35,869 --> 00:33:58,440 communicate with the Rover using our 730 00:34:39,649 --> 00:34:37,490 concerns to drive through so that's why 731 00:34:41,089 --> 00:34:39,659 we really like using Ingenuity to sort 732 00:34:43,909 --> 00:34:41,099 of get a feel for what these terrains 733 00:34:46,369 --> 00:34:43,919 look like from The helicopter's View 734 00:34:49,010 --> 00:34:46,379 and musical wolves on YouTube wants to 735 00:34:50,389 --> 00:34:49,020 ask how are the Rovers locations being 736 00:34:52,430 --> 00:34:50,399 tracked and we have time for two more 737 00:34:55,010 --> 00:34:52,440 questions after that how are they being 738 00:34:57,290 --> 00:34:55,020 tracked so so our our missions to Mars 739 00:34:59,450 --> 00:34:57,300 and our Rovers on Mars uh land in very 740 00:35:01,250 --> 00:34:59,460 specific Landing sites and so 741 00:35:02,690 --> 00:35:01,260 um as I mentioned we have satellites 742 00:35:04,310 --> 00:35:02,700 around Mars that sort of serve as our 743 00:35:06,530 --> 00:35:04,320 Communications relay we can also 744 00:35:08,150 --> 00:35:06,540 sometimes take images pointing down at 745 00:35:09,890 --> 00:35:08,160 our Landing sites to sort of check in on 746 00:35:11,150 --> 00:35:09,900 the Rovers to see what sort of progress 747 00:35:13,010 --> 00:35:11,160 we've been making so it's always really 748 00:35:15,829 --> 00:35:13,020 exciting to be able to see pictures of 749 00:35:20,150 --> 00:35:15,839 the Rover on Mars taken by a satellite 750 00:35:22,370 --> 00:35:20,160 and then to kick on YouTube asks how 751 00:35:25,010 --> 00:35:22,380 long my perseverance maintain enough 752 00:35:27,230 --> 00:35:25,020 power to conduct science 753 00:35:29,390 --> 00:35:27,240 so perseverance was actually designed 754 00:35:32,089 --> 00:35:29,400 for one and a half Mars years which is 755 00:35:34,849 --> 00:35:32,099 roughly about three Earth years that's 756 00:35:36,710 --> 00:35:34,859 how much it was designed for we've had 757 00:35:38,810 --> 00:35:36,720 Fairly good success rates for Rovers on 758 00:35:41,930 --> 00:35:38,820 Mars lasting you know eight to ten years 759 00:35:43,970 --> 00:35:41,940 past their initial design lives so 760 00:35:46,370 --> 00:35:43,980 fingers crossed that perseverance has a 761 00:35:48,290 --> 00:35:46,380 nice long feature ahead of her 762 00:35:50,329 --> 00:35:48,300 great and you know we always get 763 00:35:53,450 --> 00:35:50,339 questions like this uh how did you both 764 00:35:55,250 --> 00:35:53,460 get into your career fields 765 00:35:57,470 --> 00:35:55,260 I can start with that one so I actually 766 00:35:59,870 --> 00:35:57,480 grew up watching Star Trek so I loved 767 00:36:01,670 --> 00:35:59,880 the whole concept of space and exploring 768 00:36:03,050 --> 00:36:01,680 space but it wasn't until I was a junior 769 00:36:05,150 --> 00:36:03,060 in high school that I had a really great 770 00:36:07,010 --> 00:36:05,160 physics teacher and that opened me up to 771 00:36:09,109 --> 00:36:07,020 what engineering was and what it meant 772 00:36:10,849 --> 00:36:09,119 to build things that could actually go 773 00:36:12,710 --> 00:36:10,859 and do that exploration that's how I 774 00:36:16,010 --> 00:36:12,720 made my way to JPL 775 00:36:18,890 --> 00:36:16,020 so exciting yes my movie of inspiration 776 00:36:20,510 --> 00:36:18,900 uh was actually Apollo 13. so when I was 777 00:36:22,609 --> 00:36:20,520 young I was always really interested in 778 00:36:24,230 --> 00:36:22,619 NASA missions especially the Mercury 779 00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:24,240 Gemini and Apollo missions that brought 780 00:36:29,390 --> 00:36:27,000 astronauts to the moon in the 1960s so 781 00:36:31,550 --> 00:36:29,400 when I went to school I ended up finding 782 00:36:33,109 --> 00:36:31,560 a really strong interest in geology and 783 00:36:35,450 --> 00:36:33,119 so when I went to graduate school to get 784 00:36:38,270 --> 00:36:35,460 my PhD in geology I had the opportunity 785 00:36:40,130 --> 00:36:38,280 to join the Curiosity Rover team as a 786 00:36:41,510 --> 00:36:40,140 graduate student and once I got sort of 787 00:36:43,190 --> 00:36:41,520 my first taste of what it was like to 788 00:36:45,710 --> 00:36:43,200 work in science operations I was totally 789 00:36:48,410 --> 00:36:45,720 hooked and so afterward I came here to 790 00:36:50,210 --> 00:36:48,420 JPL and now I work for perseverance 791 00:36:53,390 --> 00:36:50,220 great to hear that you're both inspired 792 00:36:55,250 --> 00:36:53,400 by sci-fi programming that's great now 793 00:36:57,170 --> 00:36:55,260 that is all the time we have for 794 00:36:59,210 --> 00:36:57,180 questions today thank you so much for 795 00:37:00,950 --> 00:36:59,220 answering all of our questions and thank 796 00:37:03,349 --> 00:37:00,960 you everyone at home for your questions 797 00:37:06,170 --> 00:37:03,359 now to learn more about perseverance 798 00:37:09,310 --> 00:37:06,180 follow at Nasa persevere on our social